A penny saved is a penny earned? Differences in male and female savings and consumption tradeoffs on online retail platforms

Online retailers in Asia are increasingly offering interest paying accounts to their users. Based on temporal discounting theory, however, customers might consider tradeoffs in opportunities to save money (offered yield by the online retailer × the account balance) versus withdrawing money from the account for online purchases. Based on a sample of 1.95 million transactions from 24,591 customers, when short-term savings opportunities (7-day annualized yield × account balance) are greater, customers withdraw less money for purchase. Relative to females, males tend to withdraw less money for purchase from their account when long-term savings opportunities (1-year annualized yield × account balance) are higher. The findings have implications for temporal discounting behavior in online retail saving opportunities versus purchase transactions, and implications for online retailers who may cannibalize online sales by offering higher yields to online customers.     

基于精准扶贫的重庆市乡村旅游发展模式及空间分布格局研究

［目的］发展乡村旅游是推进农村扶贫开发的一项重要措施，在精准扶贫背景下，研究乡村旅游资源的空间分布格局，以期为贫困地区乡村旅游资源的开发利用提供理论参考，也将有利于充分发挥乡村旅游在精准扶贫中的重要作用。［方法］以重庆市14个国家级乡村旅游重点扶贫县为研究区域，系统分析该地区乡村旅游资源的发展模式，采用平均最邻近指数、地理集中指数和平均分布密度，探究境内194个乡村旅游资源的空间分布格局。［结果］（1）重庆市乡村旅游重点扶贫县中，发展模式主要有高科技农业园、农家乐、乡村自然景观和乡村人文景观，其中农家乐是数目最多的类型。（2）各乡村旅游重点扶贫县中ANN值均小于1，说明这些地区乡村旅游资源均呈集聚分布。（3）各乡村旅游重点扶贫县中乡村旅游资源分布密度差异较大，其中秀山土家族苗族自治县的平均分布密度最高，为6115个/万km2，酉阳土家族苗族自治县平均分布密度最低，仅为2709个/万km2。［结论］乡村旅游重点扶贫县中乡村旅游资源数目还比较少，各地之间存在差异，今后应从发挥产业集聚效应、不断开拓发展模式、提高基础设施建设等方面促进乡村旅游的发展。     

交通基础设施、FDI与农村剩余劳动力转移

在分析交通基础设施及FDI影响农村剩余劳动力转移机理的基础上构建空间自回归模型，利用30个省级区域1998—2014年面板数据实证分析普通公路、铁路及FDI对农村剩余劳动力转移的影响。研究表明：普通公路有效促进农村剩余劳动力就地转移；铁路促进农村剩余劳动力跨区域转移，具体来说，东部沿海地区和西部地区铁路与农村剩余劳动力转移为倒“U”型相关关系，而在中部地区为“U”型；FDI显著促进农村剩余劳动力转移，在全国范围内FDI通过作用于铁路促进农村剩余劳动力跨区域转移。     

Corruption in space: A closer look at the world's subnations

Corruption levels differ not only between but also within countries. In this paper we analyze spatial interdependencies in corruption levels for a large sample of 1232 subnational regions from 81 countries. Based on a spatial autoregressive model, which controls for country-fixed effects and corrects for spatial autocorrelation in the error term, we find that a subnational region's corruption level is positively correlated with neighboring subnational regions' corruption levels. Extending the core model and allowing for heterogeneous spatial effects, we find that most spillovers among subnational regions occur within national borders. Moreover, in particular high income subnational regions and subnational regions with relative low corruption levels tend to spill in space. This is due to their high degree of connectivity in terms of economic, sociocultural and political exchange with other subnational regions. Our estimation results underline the importance to consider not only a subnational region's own characteristics, but also spatial interdependencies when implementing efficient anti-corruption policies at the local level.     

Price competition in the spatial real estate market: allies or rivals?

This paper examines whether real estate firms can avoid price competition when properties in the vicinity are priced by allies. An oligopoly model with differentiated products generally suggests that real estate firms engage in price competition with their spatially closest rivals. Yet, they can raise property prices when the market share of their allies increases. To test this prediction, a spatial autoregressive model with spatial autoregressive disturbances, including a share of allies in the vicinity, is estimated using data on the prices of residential condos in central Tokyo, Japan. The model prediction is supported by the empirical results. In the data set, the magnitude of the market share on property prices increases with the expansion of the size of the spatial market.     

Does economic growth and energy consumption drive environmental degradation in China’s 31 provinces? New evidence from a spatial econometric perspective

The panel data analysis points to economic and social factors contributing to NO_x, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, and VOCs in China’s 31 provinces. The spatial correlation analysis using Global and Local Moran’s I values indicates the existence of a significant and positive spatial autocorrelation with respect to environment, economy and energy, and the high spatial correlation is evident in the eastern region, covering the northern part of Yangtze River Delta, Huaihai Economic Zone, and the lower reaches of the Yellow River Economic Belt. The empirical estimation is performed through spatial lag and spatial Durbin models. All emitted air pollutants in 31 provinces have significant spatial dependence and strong spillover effects. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between emitted air pollutants (NO_x, PM₁₀, VOCs, and PM_2.5) and per capita GDP, which follows the EKC hypothesis. The relationship between SO₂ and per capita GDP does not follow the EKC hypothesis. There is a positive relationship between pollutant emissions and coal consumption, which is consistent with current studies for various countries like Canada, Denmark, UK and US and regions like New York State. However, the effects of science and technology investment on air pollutants are mostly positive, which is not as policy expected.     

南方丘陵区新增耕地质量空间特征研究*——以江西省宜春市为例

［目的］粮食安全的根本是在耕地，关键在于耕地质量。目前新增耕地主要源于土地开发项目、城乡建设用地增减挂钩土地复垦项目等，这些新增耕地需要对其开展耕地质量等别评定工作，了解新增耕地的质量状况，分析其空间特征，这对落实国家耕地保护制度、开展农村土地整治工作等具有重要作用。［方法］文章以南方典型丘陵区域——江西省宜春市作为研究区域，在新增耕地质量评价的基础上，运用地统计学、景观生态学、Arcgis空间分析技术和典型相关分析方法，研究宜春市新增耕地质量的空间特征，掌握耕地质量等别的分布规律，了解耕地质量的影响因素，为制定合理的耕地资源利用与保护政策提供依据。［结果］（1）Moran′s I值结果表明宜春市2014年新增耕地利用质量在空间分布上的空间自相关性最强，而耕地自然质量空间自相关性最弱。（2）景观破碎度指数结果表明优、高等别的新增耕地质量破碎度大于中、低等别的； 多样性指数结果表明新增耕地质量多样性指数比较大； 优势度指数结果表明新增耕地质量等别优势度指数比较小，与多样性指数结果相呼应； 均匀度指数结果表明，新增耕地质量等别均匀度指数相差不大，新增耕地质量等别比较均匀。（3）质心结果表明2013—2014年间宜春市新增耕地质量的格局整体上是向西南方向变化。［结论］宜春市新增耕地质量不高； 新增耕地的利用水平差异性较小，自然本底状况差异较大； 新增耕地质量等别类型多，各质量等别类型耕地均有增加，耕地质量参差不齐，较高等地的新增耕地相对低等地而言更破碎化； 新增耕地的开发格局向着西南方向移动； 该研究为南方丘陵区的新增耕地保护提供了一定的参考依据。     

京津冀雾霾污染与产业结构、城镇化水平的空间效应研究

京津冀地区是全国雾霾污染的重灾区。本文分析了京津冀地区13个城市的雾霾污染空间相关性，发现其具有显著的空间溢出效应，呈现出“高—高”型集聚和“低—低”型集聚的特征。基于京津冀地区13个城市2000—2012年的面板数据，使用三种类型空间权重矩阵构建空间杜宾模型发现：京津冀雾霾污染与产业结构、城镇化水平显著相关；产业结构与其呈“倒U型”曲线，目前产业结构和城镇化水平对自身及其邻近地区的雾霾污染具有明显的加重作用；城镇化水平对邻近地区雾霾污染具有双向效应。产业结构调整优化和城镇化水平质量的提高会缓解京津冀雾霾污染，实际人均GDP、对外贸易依存度、FDI、人口密度等也会对京津冀地区及其周边地区的雾霾污染产生影响。     

金融发展、环境规制与绿色全要素生产率——基于空间杜宾模型的实证分析

选择2006~2015年中国内地30个省、直辖市、自治区面板数据，运用DEA-BCC模型、熵值法测算绿色全要素生产率，采用空间杜宾模型研究金融发展和环境规制对绿色全要素生产率的空间溢出效应。研究结果表明：（1）中国省域绿色全要素生产率存在显著的空间溢出效应，即本地区绿色全要素生产率的发展会促进周边地区绿色全要素生产率；（2）单一的金融发展和环境规制对绿色全要素生产率有一定的促进作用；（3）现阶段，"金融发展-环境规制"相结合的模式抑制了绿色全要素生产率。为此，应不断深化金融体制改革，优化金融发展成效；完善环境规制体系，合理进行污染治理投资；制定适宜环境规制政策，结合考虑金融发展。     

基于两次平衡计算的南昌市耕作层土壤剥离再利用空间配置研究

研究目的:探讨耕作层土壤剥离再利用空间配置思路与方法,并以南昌市为例进行实证研究,为相关工作提供借鉴。研究方法:提出基于线性规划及OD成本矩阵方法的两次平衡计算的耕作层土壤剥离再利用土方空间配置思路。首先,确定剥离、覆土优先度并结合供求关系划定供需圈,在供需圈内部进行第一次调配平衡;其次,对于内部不能平衡的供需圈,进行第二次跨圈调配平衡,达到缩短运输距离,控制成本目的。研究结果:(1)南昌市耕作层剥离量能够满足覆土数量与质量的需求;(2)空间配置结果共划定18个供需圈,供需圈内土方调配加权平均运输距离为6 682 m,小于期望值10 km,满足项目实施要求;(3)共有15个供需圈存在土方量不平衡问题,跨圈调配的距离平均为72 071 m,满足短距离运输的要求。研究结论:以耕作层土壤剥离、覆土优先度及供求关系为基础划定供需圈,基于线性规划及OD成本矩阵的两次平衡计算的空间配置思路与方法,可以优化运输距离,减少运输成本,提高项目实施效益。本文提出的空间配置思路可以为耕作层剥离再利用工程的顺利实施提供理论与方法借鉴。